The sum of squares represents a measure of variation or deviation from the mean. It is calculated as a summation of the squares of the differences from the mean. The calculation of the total sum of squares considers both the sum of squares from the factors and from randomness or error.
We introduced a notation earlier in the course called the sum of squares. This notation was the SS notation, and will make these formulas much easier to work with.
Notice these are all the same pattern,
SS(x) could be written as
Also note that
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